Salinity and geomorphology drive long‐term changes to local and regional fish assemblage attributes in the lower Pecos River,Texas

River systems throughout arid regions worldwide have been heavily impacted by human activities, resulting in long‐term ecological consequences. The lower Pecos River in the Trans‐Pecos region of Texas is no exception, having undergone anthropogenic changes that include decreased flow, elevated salinity, species loss and species invasion. We compared historical and contemporary fish assemblage attributes from the Pecos River at local (site‐specific) and regional (Trans‐Pecos region) scales across a 24‐year time period. Fish assemblage data were collected in October 1987 and 2011, by seining at 15 sites spanning 430 km of the river in Texas. Additionally, we examined contemporary environmental conditions to determine species–environment relationships. We found that fish assemblages were significantly different between time periods, likely due to increased salinisation in the upper half of the study region. Decreased species richness, species replacement and increases in euryhaline species were documented in the upstream sites. Freshwater springs lower the salinity and maintain flows in the downstream reach, allowing for maintenance of the native fish fauna. Careful management of regional aquifers, irrigation practices and petroleum waste water will be necessary for protecting biodiversity and environmental flows in the lower Pecos River.     

The role of flow dependency and water availability in fish assemblage homogenization in tributaries of the Chattahoochee River,Alabama, USA

The availability of water is becoming more variable as flow regime alterations intensify both locally and on a global scale. This pattern has been observed in the tributaries of the central Chattahoochee River System as water withdrawal and natural drought have caused flows to diminish. Stream discharge has steadily decreased in the study area by 31% over the last 50 years, and during this time, fish assemblage homogenization has occurred throughout the system. Our primary objective was to assess whether spawning mode and water availability are catalysts for fish assemblage change in tributaries of the Chattahoochee River System. We found that species which prefer or have adapted to low flow conditions (e.g. blacktail shiner Cyprinella venusta, redbreast sunfish Lepomis auritus and blackbanded darter Percina nigrofasciata) are becoming dominant and replacing historically dominant fluvial specialists. When examining short‐term changes between a dry year (2009) and a wet year (2010), some species preferring higher flows such as the highscale shiner Notropis hypsilepis were detected during the wet year, suggesting that the amount of water is important for the presence of these species in upstream reaches where they were historically abundant. Species that can reproduce successfully in low flow conditions are thriving and expanding their native ranges as more habitat becomes suitable. Species that require higher flows for part of their life cycle, however, appear to be declining from upstream areas as water availability continues to decrease, despite temporary recovery from downstream refugia during wet years.     

海水淡化泵水润滑轴承间隙的优化设计

针对海水淡化高压泵水润滑轴承存在的润滑问题,设计了6种不同轴承半径间隙的水润滑轴承;用三维造型软件Pro/E建立了滑动轴承内部三维流动水膜数学模型;利用Fluent 6.2进行非结构化六面体/楔形网格划分,采用RNGk-ε湍流模型和SIMPLE算法,对不同轴承半径间隙内水膜的三维流场和同一轴承半径间隙不同偏心距下的水润滑轴承的动特性进行了模拟,得到了轴承内部动压力分布以及流量、承载力、刚度与轴承半径间隙之间的关系.结果表明,所研究的水润滑轴承在半径间隙为0.2 mm时性能最佳.模拟结果可以对水润滑轴承的润滑特性进行预测,可为高压泵水润滑轴承的优化设计和安全运行提供参考.     

泵闸结构流场的水力特性

为了提高泵闸工程工作的稳定性和高效性,采用计算流体动力学方法,以设计参数作为控制条件,运用Fluent软件对某泵闸工程进行了数值模拟计算和分析,并对闸门附近的结构进行了优化.结合河道过流特点,建立了断面有效过流面积率和过流均匀度两个表示过流断面水流流态的公式,并以此作为数值模拟优化的目标函数,对泵闸结构进行了优化.通过数值模拟,分析了引、排水工况下的水流及流场分布规律,分析了实际闸门附近的水流动特性和过流情况,分析了内河侧＂S＂形转弯对工程水流的影响.通过整体水工模型试验,对改造后的消能设施进行了论证.结果表明,改造后的内外河最大流速均小于0.6~0.8 m/s,且河道的有效过流面积率和过流均匀度均大于0.75.     

区域尺度地下水浅埋区拟二维水流数值模型

建立拟二维系统模型,在非饱和含水层采用沿平面积分得到的垂向一维方程,在饱和含水层采用沿侧向积分得到的垂向二维方程,推导了模型的动态耦合项,提出饱和-非饱和含水层迭代耦合算法,解决潜水面处网格变动问题。与SWMS_2D进行对比,采用垂向二维水分运动稳定流解析解算例验证拟二维模型的准确度,采用非稳定流算例验证拟二维系统模型对计算效率提升的显著性。     

Phosphorus dynamics in tile-drain flow during storms in the US Midwest

Excess phosphorus (P) in freshwater systems has been associated with eutrophication in agro-ecosystems of the US Midwest and elsewhere. A better understanding of processes regulating both soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) exports to tile-drains is therefore critical to minimize P losses to streams while maintaining crop yield. This paper investigates SRP and TP dynamics at a high temporal resolution during four spring storms in two tile-drains in the US Midwest. Depending on the storm, median concentrations varied between 0.006-0.025 mg/L for SRP and 0.057-0.176 mg/L for TP. For large storms (>6 cm bulk precipitation), for which macropore flow represented between 43 and 50% of total tile-drain flow, SRP transport to tile-drains was primarily regulated by macropore flow. For smaller tile-flow generating events (<3 cm bulk precipitation), for which macropore flow only accounted for 11-17% of total tile-drain flow, SRP transport was primarily regulated by matrix flow. Total P transport to tile-drains was primarily regulated by macropore flow regardless of the storm. Soluble reactive P (0.01-1.83 mg m⁻²/storm) and TP (0.10-8.64 mg m⁻²/storm) export rates were extremely variable and positively significantly correlated to both mean discharge and bulk precipitation. Soluble reactive P accounted for 9.9-15.5% of TP fluxes for small tile-flow generating events (<3 cm bulk precipitation) and for 16.2-22.0% of TP fluxes for large precipitation events (>6 cm bulk precipitation). Although significant variations in tile-flow response to precipitation were observed, no significant differences in SRP and TP concentrations were observed between adjacent tile-drains. Results stress the dominance of particulate P and the importance of macropore flow in P transport to tile-drains in the US Midwest. Although only spring storms are investigated, this study brings critical insight into P dynamics in tile-drains at a critical time of the year for water quality management.     

Impact of upstream changes in rain-fed agriculture on downstream flow in a semi-arid basin

The downstream impacts of increasing water consumption in the upstream rain-fed areas of the Karkheh Basin, Iran are simulated using the semi-distributed SWAT model. Three scenarios are tested at subbasin and basin levels: converting rain-fed areas to irrigation agriculture (S1), improving soil water availability through rainwater harvesting (S2), and a combination of both (S3). The results of these scenarios were compared against the baseline period 1988-2000. The S1 scenario shows a 10% reduction in mean annual flow at the basin level, varying from 8-15% across the subbasins. The reductions in mean monthly flows are in the range of 1-56% at the basin level, with June witnessing the highest flow reduction. Flow reductions are comparatively higher in the upstream parts of the basin, as a result of a relatively higher potential of developing rain-fed areas coupled with comparatively lower amount of available runoff. The impacts of S2 are generally small with reductions of 2-5% and 1-9% in mean annual and mean monthly flows, respectively. The results of S3 are in general similar to those of S1. Although the estimated annual flow reductions remain well within the available water resources development potential, measures needs to be taken to avoid excessive flow reductions in May, June and July. It is recommended that only a limited agricultural area should be converted from rain-fed to irrigated agriculture (about 0.1 million ha), and should practice supplementary irrigation. The supplies should also be augmented through developing additional water storage. Adopting such measures is extremely important for the upper subbasins Gamasiab and Qarasou where comparatively higher flow reductions were estimated.     

矿用潜水电泵性能正交试验

以煤矿排水用的BQS20—40—5．5型固液两相流潜水电泵为例,选择对泵性能影响较大的3个因素叶片进口冲角、叶片出口安放角和叶片数,对3个因素分别取3个水平,采用L9（3^4）正交表,得到9种试验方案．在计算流体动力学软件Fluent中采用标准k—ε湍流模型和SIMPLE算法,对正交试验中9种方案分别进行单相清水模拟和固液两相流模拟,并对模拟结果进行极差值计算,得到因素与效率指标的直方图．结果表明,叶片出口安放角和叶片数在清水模拟和两相流模拟的最优方案中取值不同,小固体颗粒在叶轮内集中分布于叶片工作面,并沿工作面向外运动,在叶轮出口处以很小的出口角流出,部分颗粒会在叶片出口处与叶片工作面相撞,加剧叶片磨损．因此在设计固液两相流泵叶轮时,叶片出口安放角不易过大．采用两相流理论对BQS20—40—5．5型泵进行优化设计,在设计工况下,泵效率高于国家标准的规定值,叶轮磨损有较大改善,提高了泵运行寿命．     

GPS40—9F犁屏蔽泵的设计

为提高屏蔽泵的性能和缩短设计周期,在数值模拟的基础上对GPS40—9F型屏蔽泵的屏蔽电机和泵的水力元件进行了设计．利用ANSYS参数化设计语言APDL编写命令流完成磁场模拟过程,并对屏蔽电机的两个模型所计算得到的磁力线、磁流密度分布进行对比分析．对屏蔽泵的水力部件进行三维建模,运用CFX软件对多个不同工况点下的流场进行模拟,分别采用SIMPLER算法及SIMPLE算法进行迭代运算,对比分析了后处理得到的压力云图．结果表明,模型2的气隙磁通大于模型1,说明屏蔽电机设计成细长型更有利于机电能量转换．在相同模型、相同网格条件下,采用SIMPLER算法的计算效率要高于SIMPLE算法,SIMPLER算法具有更好的收敛效果,并将模拟计算结果与试验数值进行对比,验证了数值模拟计算的可行性和准确性．     

热载体与生物质半焦散体颗粒的分离特性研究

在以固体热载体加热实现生物质快速升温热解液化工艺中,热载体与热解半焦颗粒的分离极为重要。为了研究陶瓷球热载体与生物质半焦颗粒的分离过程,设计制作了V型下降管冷态实验装置,并利用粒子图像测速仪对不同质量比(30:1,40:1,50:1,60:1)、圆形出口和方形出口条件下的颗粒分离规律进行了实验研究。研究表明,该装置能够保证热载体和生物质半焦颗粒喂料流畅、稳定且均匀,能够满足实验所需要的两种颗粒的不同混合质量比的要求;陶瓷球对生物质半焦颗粒的携带作用明显,受生物质半焦颗粒影响水平流动速度、轨迹的高度和射程减少50%左右;管口下底面与筛网的竖直高度应大于20mm,水平距离应大于32mm,筛网的水平投影长度应大于120mm,分离效果较好。